Combining topology and fractal dimension of fracture networks to characterise structural domains in thrusted limestones

Fractures in limestones of the Palaeocene Lockhart Formation hanging wall Himalayan Main Boundary Thrust north Islamabad are examined, and data analysed using a combination topology fractal dimension to characterise fracture patterns relate them structural domains. Neither technique alone allows recognition However, when considered together for all fractures within an area, fore-thrusts, pop-ups back-thrusts can be distinguished. The together, as characteristics individual domains characterised by cumulative effect different fractures, these complexly fractured rocks, concept sets is problematic. Fore- have higher dimensions than pop-up structures. highest both types thrusts occur immediately adjacent decrease away from central structure. Topologically, fore-thrust fewer intersections (nodes), with longer mean trace length; back-thrust contain more nodes (hence also tips, lines, branches) resulting densities. Pop-up structure low intensity. Using combined analysis dimension, we show that pattern predictable related settings identified fold thrust Formation.